When a router receives a packet it normally decides where to forward it based on the destination address in the packet, which is then used to look up an entry in a routing table. However, in some cases, there may be a need to forward the packet based on other criteria. For example, a network administrator might want to forward a packet based on the source address, not the destination address.
Additional Reading:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy-based_routing
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk365/technologies_tech_note09186a008009481d.shtml
http://www.policyrouting.org/PolicyRoutingBook/ONLINE/TOC.html
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